Axis of evil

Bush's "axis of evil" included Iran, Iraq, and North Korea (darker red).
"Beyond the Axis of Evil" included Cuba, Libya, and Syria (orange). The United States is dark blue.
  1.  Iraq
  2.  North Korea
  3.  Iran
  1.  Cuba
  2.  Libya
  3.  Syria
  1.  Belarus
  2.  Zimbabwe
  3.  Myanmar

"Axis of evil" is a term initially used by the former United States President George W. Bush in his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002 and often repeated throughout his presidency, describing governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction. Bush labeled Iran, Iraq and North Korea as the axis of evil.

Contents

Origins

David Frum

The phrase was attributed to former Bush speechwriter David Frum, originally as the axis of hatred and then evil. Frum explained his rationale for creating the phrase axis of evil in his book The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush. Essentially, the story begins in late December 2001 when head speechwriter Mike Gerson gave Frum the assignment of articulating the case for dislodging the government of Saddam Hussein in Iraq in only a few sentences for the upcoming State of the Union address. Frum says he began by rereading President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "date which will live in infamy" speech given on December 8, 1941, after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. While Americans needed no convincing about going to war with Japan, Roosevelt saw the greater threat to the United States coming from Nazi Germany, and he had to make the case for fighting a two-ocean war.

Frum points in his book to a now often-overlooked sentence in Roosevelt's speech which reads in part, "...we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again." Frum interprets Roosevelt's oratory like this: "For FDR, Pearl Harbor was not only an attack—it was a warning of future and worse attacks from another, even more dangerous enemy." Japan, a country with one-tenth of America's industrial capacity, a dependence on imports for its food, and already engaged in a war with China, was extremely reckless to attack the United States, a recklessness "that made the Axis such a menace to world peace", Frum says. Saddam Hussein's two wars, against Iran and Kuwait, were just as reckless, Frum believed, and therefore presented the same threat to world peace.

In his book Frum relates that the more he compared the Axis powers of World War II to modern "terror states", the more similarities he saw. "The Axis powers disliked and distrusted one another", Frum writes. "Had the Axis somehow won the war, its members would quickly have turned on one another." Iran, Iraq, al-Qaeda, and Hezbollah, despite quarrelling among themselves however, "all resented power of the West and Israel, and they all despised the humane values of democracy." There, Frum saw the connection: "Together, the terror states and the terror organizations formed an axis of hatred against the United States."

Frum tells that he then sent off a memo with the above arguments and also cited some of the atrocities perpetrated by the Iraqi government. He expected his words to be chopped apart and altered beyond recognition, as is the fate of much presidential speechwriting, but his words were ultimately read by Bush nearly verbatim, though Bush changed the term axis of hatred to axis of evil. North Korea was added to the list, he says, because it was attempting to develop nuclear weapons, had a history of reckless aggression, and "needed to feel a stronger hand".[1]

Afterwards, Frum's wife disclosed his authorship to the public.[2]

Yossef Bodansky

A decade before the 2002 State of the Union address, in August 1992, the political scientist Yossef Bodansky wrote a paper entitled "Tehran, Baghdad & Damascus: The New Axis Pact" [3] while serving as the Director of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare of the US House of Representatives. Although he did not explicitly apply the epithet evil to his New Axis, Bodansky's axis was otherwise very reminiscent of Frum's axis. Bodansky felt that this new Axis was a very dangerous development. The gist of Bodansky's argument was that Iran, Iraq and Syria had formed a "tripartite alliance" in the wake of the First Gulf War, and that this alliance posed an imminent threat that could only be dealt with by invading Iraq a second time and overthrowing Saddam Hussein.

Development

Bolton: "Beyond the Axis of Evil"

John R. Bolton

On May 6, 2002 future United States UN Ambassador John R. Bolton gave a speech entitled "Beyond the Axis of Evil". In it he added three more nations to be grouped with the already mentioned rogue states: Libya, Syria, and Cuba. The criteria for inclusion in this grouping were: "state sponsors of terrorism that are pursuing or who have the potential to pursue weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or have the capability to do so in violation of their treaty obligations". The speech was widely reported as an expansion of the original axis of evil.

Rice: Outposts of Tyranny

In January 2005, at the beginning of Bush's second term as President, the incoming Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, made a speech regarding the newly termed outposts of tyranny, a list of six countries deemed most repressive. This included the two remaining Axis members, as well as Cuba, Belarus, Zimbabwe and Myanmar.

Gul: United States is the Axis of Evil

On 10 March 2010 Lieutenant General (retd) Hamid Gul of the Pakistani Army called the United States the "axis of evil" in the region (presumably South and Central Asia), in an interview with Fars News Agency.[4]

Criticism of the term

No coordination

One criticism is that unlike the Axis powers, the three nations mentioned in Bush's speech did not coordinate public policy, and therefore the term axis is incorrect. Also, while the Axis Powers of the Second World War signed diplomatic treaties with one another, such as the Pact of Steel and the Tripartite Pact, that created a military alliance between them, none of the nations that make up the "axis of evil" have taken similar steps publicly, nor have they done so secretly according to present intelligence records.

No category

In addition, Iran and Iraq fought the long, bloody Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, under basically the same leadership as that which existed at the time of Bush's speech leading some to believe the linking between the nations under the same banner as misguided. Others argue that each of the three have some special characteristics which are obscured by grouping them together. Anne Applebaum has written about the debate over North Korea's inclusion in the group.[5]

False information

Much of the information—primarily dealing with Iraq and its alleged weapons of mass destruction and terror ties—has been proven false by Senate-appointed committee investigations.[6]

Other Axes

Axis of terror

In January 2006, Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz implicated "the axis of terror that operates between Iran and Syria" following a suicide bomb in Tel Aviv.[7]

In April 2006 the phrase axis of terror earned more publicity. Israel's UN Ambassador, Dan Gillerman, cautioned of a new axis of terror—Iran, Syria and the Hamas-run Palestinian government; Gillerman repeated the term before the UN over the crisis in Lebanon.[8] Some three months later Israeli senior foreign ministry official Gideon Meir branded the alleged alliance an axis of terror and hate.[9]

Axis of Belligerence

In 2006, Isaias Afewerki, the transitional president of Eritrea, had declared in response to the deterioring relations with the neighboring countries of Ethiopia, Yemen and Sudan by accusing them of being an "Axis of Belligerence."[10]

Colonialist Axis

In a speech, Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi the chief commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps of Iran has spoken of what he refers to as a "true axis of evil" consisting of the United States, the United Kingdom and Israel. Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) is also referred to as a "lesser satan".

Axis of good

The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez has described the so-called New Latin Left as an "axis of good" comprising Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador and Nicaragua (all countries now governed by leftist leaders) and instead "Washington and its allies" as an "axis of evil".[11]

Axis of diesel

The Economist referred to an article about the term apparently used more often in reference to a burgeoning alliance of Russia, Iran and Venezuela. They cite the billions of dollars in arms sales to Venezuela and the construction of Iranian nuclear facilities as well as the rejection of added sanctions on Iran. They did conclude that the benefits of the arrangement were exaggerated, however.[12]

In Media

Parodies

The Economist, May 11, 2006

Various related pun phrases include:

The term has also lent itself to various parodies, including the following:

Protest sign at October 2002 Washington DC protest vs. Iraq war.

Star Wars

In the science-fiction Star Wars novel Labyrinth of Evil, Supreme Chancellor Palpatine uses the term the Triad of Evil[16] when referring to a trio of enemy Separatist strongholds. Palpatine is the public persona of Darth Sidious, Dark Lord of the Sith, who seeks to take over the galaxy and install an authoritarian Empire.

Bill Bailey

British Comedian Bill Bailey also referred to the Axis of Evil in his Part Troll tour. He queried whether it was possible to assume a non-evil role within a terrorist organisation, possibly in the laundry or catering department. Then going on to pretend that he was the receptionist for the Axis of Evil. Imagining he was answering the phone, Bill Bailey says to the audience, "Hello, Axis of Evil. Oh no, they're all out at the moment. Oh, I don't know. Doing something evil I suppose". Placing the "caller" on hold, he then played a short jingle for the "Axis of Evil Pension Scheme".

Comedy Tour

In response to the problems Americans of Middle-Eastern descent have in the current climate, a group of comedians have banded together to form the Axis of Evil Comedy Tour. The comedians, Ahmed Ahmed (from Egypt), Maz Jobrani (from Iran), and Aron Kader (whose father is Palestinian), have created a show which currently plays on Comedy Central. They have also included half-Palestinan, half-Italian Dean Obeidallah in some of their acts.

The group recently took the comedy tour around the Middle East (November - December 2007), performing in the UAE, Egypt, Kuwait, Jordan, and Lebanon to sell-out crowds.

Lullabies

In 2003 the Norwegian record label Kirkelig Kulturverksted published the CD Lullabies from the Axis of Evil containing 14 lullabies from Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Palestine, Syria, Afghanistan and Cuba. Every lullaby is presented in its original form sung by women from these countries, and then a western version with interpretations in English.[17]

Words Without Borders

In 2007 the online magazine Words Without Borders published its first anthology titled Literature From The "Axis of Evil". The anthology contains works from Syria, Cuba, Libya, Sudan, Iran, Iraq and North Korea. The works included are typically non-political in nature, and are intended to further a human understanding of life inside the countries designated as part of the "Axis". Sudan (included in the anthology) has never been given an "Axis" or "Beyond the Axis" designation by proponents of the terms.

Other

In cosmology

Main article: Cosmic Microwave Background, diverse anomalies

In cosmology, the Axis of Evil is the name given to a pattern that is left imprinted on the radiation left behind by the Big Bang.[18] The pattern itself is an alignment of hot and cold spots in the Cosmic Microwave Background that seemingly defies the standard isotropic model of the Universe. Discovered and named in 2005 by Kate Land and João Magueijo of Imperial College London, the pattern is controversial and disputed amongst scientists, though two independent studies have confirmed its existence.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Axis of Evil" Authorship Settled! It was Frum and Gerson, and definitely not Bush. Jan. 9, 2003
  2. ↑ "Proud wife turns 'axis of evil' speech into a resignation letter", Matthew Engel, The Guardian, February 27, 2002
  3. ↑ Yossef Bodansky & Vaughn S. Forrest on behalf of the House Republican Research Committee (1992-08-10). "Tehran, Baghdad & Damascus: The New Axis Pact". http://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bod4.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  4. ↑ http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8812191452
  5. ↑ Anne Applebaum (2002-02-12). "North Korea: Threat or Menace?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2061973/. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  6. ↑ Jonathon Weisman (2006-09-09). "Iraq's Alleged Al-Qaeda TiesWere Disputed Before War". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800777.html. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  7. ↑ "Israel attacks 'axis of terror'". BBC News. 2006-01-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4630650.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  8. ↑ "Gillerman fingers 'axis of terror'". Jerusalem Post. 2006-02-22. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1139395462436. Retrieved 2007-11-28. 
  9. ↑ "Israel blames Iran and Syria for violence". Gulf Times. 2006-07-14. http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=97233&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  10. ↑ "parade-magazine-2007-02-17>". http://www.parade.com/articles/web_exclusives/2007/02-11-2007/dictators13.html. 
  11. ↑ Alba Gil (2006-01-05). "Evo Morales hace amigos". AmericaEconomica.com. http://www.americaeconomica.com/numeros4/352/reportajes%5CAlba352.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  12. ↑ http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12480942
  13. ↑ Andrew Marlatt (2002-02-01). "Angered by snubbing, Libya, China Syria form Axis of Just as Evil". SatireWire. http://www.satirewire.com/news/jan02/axis.shtml. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  14. ↑ "George Bush and Tony Blair: The end of a Bush-Blair era". The Economist. 2006-05-11. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6916012. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  15. ↑ "Passed Over, Syria, China, Libya Form Axis of Just As Evil". SatireWire. 2002-01-31. http://www.satirewire.com/news/jan02/axis.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-18. 
  16. ↑ http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Triad_of_Evil
  17. ↑ Erik Hillestad. "?". Kirkelig Kulturverksted. http://www.elance.no/kkv/asp/hoved.asp?show=musikk_eng. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 
  18. ↑ Zeeya Marili (2007-04-13). "'Axis of evil' a cause for cosmic concern". New Scientist. http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg19425994.000-axis-of-evil-a-cause-for-cosmic-concern.html. Retrieved 2007-05-22. 

North Korea removed from the US "axis of evil" http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4218320.ece

External links